Futurism

Futurism was the early twentieth-century avant-garde movement, launched in Italy, that rejected the inherited classical tradition in favour of the machine age: speed, industry, the modern city and its noise. In music it produced a radical and militant programme, from *Francesco Balilla Pratella*'s manifestos to *Luigi Russolo*'s 1913 text "The Art of Noises" and his intonarumori, hand-built instruments that roared, crackled and hissed. Parallel experiments by *George Antheil*, *Arseny Avraamov* and *Alexander Mosolov* made noise, sirens and factory sounds into compositional material, laying conceptual groundwork for later noise and industrial music.