Hapa haole

Hapa haole (Hawaiian for 'part foreign') is the mainland-oriented Hawaiian popular song of the first half of the 20th century: songs about Hawaii sung mainly in English, with Hawaiian words, imagery and musical markers mixed in. Tin Pan Alley harmony and crooning delivery combine with steel guitar, ukulele and slack-key figures, and texts dwell on Waikiki, hula dancers and moonlit romance for a tourist audience. Writers such as *R. Alex Anderson*, *Harry Owens* and *Johnny Noble*, performers including *Alfred Apaka* and *Sol Ho'opi'i*, and the "Hawaii Calls" radio broadcasts made the style America's default sound of Hawaii, later absorbed into exotica.