Ponto de umbanda
Ponto de umbanda is the liturgical song repertory of Umbanda, the Afro-Brazilian religion founded in Rio de Janeiro in the early twentieth century. Pontos are short, call-and-response chants in Portuguese, accompanied by atabaque drums playing the sacred toques proper to each spirit line, and they summon, praise and dismiss the caboclos, pretos-velhos, crian莽as, exus and pombagiras who manifest in ceremony. Recorded since the 1950s by temple ensembles and singers such as *J.B. de Carvalho*, the repertory also reached the Brazilian public through a niche LP market in the 1960s and 1970s.